Putki: pyöreä
ДСТУ 8938
ДСТУ 8938 - Seamless hot-deformed steel pipes - Technical specification
Automatically build standard products in SOLIDWORKS with TSFP.
Saumattomat kuumamuovatut yleiskäyttöiset putket Ukrainan kansallisen standardin mukaan, seinämänpaksuus 75 mm:iin asti, eivät rakenneputkiprofiilit kuten ДСТУ EN 10219-2 ja ДСТУ EN 10210-2. Putket valmistetaan hiili- ja seosteräksistä. Standardin taulukko 1 kattaa ulkohalkaisijat 32–530 mm ja seinämänpaksuudet 2,5–75 mm; koko tilataan ulkohalkaisijan ja seinämänpaksuuden mukaan, ja metrimassa lasketaan standardin kaavalla teräksen tiheydellä 7,85 g/cm³. Voimassa 1. tammikuuta 2021 alkaen standardien ГОСТ 8731-74, ГОСТ 8732-78 ja ГОСТ 9567-75 tilalla. Sisähalkaisijan mukaan tai muina kokoina tilattavista putkista sovitaan valmistajan kanssa, eivätkä ne kuulu kokotaulukkoon.
| Tuote | Ulkohalkaisija, mm | Sisähalkaisija, mm | Seinämänpaksuus, mm | Poikkileikkauksen pinta-ala, cm2 | Massa metriä kohden, kg/m | Poikkileikkauksen piiri, mm | Jäyhyysmomentti, cm4 | Kimmoinen taivutusvastus, cm3 | Plastinen taivutusvastus, cm3 | Jäyhyyssäde, cm | Vääntöneliömomentti, cm4 | Vääntövastus, cm3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x32 | 406 | 342* | 32 | 375.986 | 295.149 | 1275.487 | 66220.501 | 3262.094 | 4486.955 | 13.271 | 132441.001 | 6524.187 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x34 | 406 | 338* | 34 | 397.349 | 311.919 | 1275.487 | 69307.536 | 3414.164 | 4718.157 | 13.207 | 138615.073 | 6828.329 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x35 | 406 | 336* | 35 | 407.936 | 320.23 | 1275.487 | 70810.517 | 3488.203 | 4831.727 | 13.175 | 141621.034 | 6976.406 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x36 | 406 | 334* | 36 | 418.46 | 328.491 | 1275.487 | 72286.897 | 3560.931 | 4943.952 | 13.143 | 144573.794 | 7121.862 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x38 | 406 | 330* | 38 | 439.32 | 344.866 | 1275.487 | 75161.116 | 3702.518 | 5164.403 | 13.08 | 150322.233 | 7405.036 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x40 | 406 | 326* | 40 | 459.929 | 361.044 | 1275.487 | 77932.697 | 3839.049 | 5379.573 | 13.017 | 155865.395 | 7678.098 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x42 | 406 | 322* | 42 | 480.287 | 377.025 | 1275.487 | 80604.113 | 3970.646 | 5589.528 | 12.955 | 161208.226 | 7941.292 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x45 | 406 | 316* | 45 | 510.352 | 400.626 | 1275.487 | 84428.762 | 4159.052 | 5894.82 | 12.862 | 168857.524 | 8318.105 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x48 | 406 | 310* | 48 | 539.851 | 423.783 | 1275.487 | 88041.646 | 4337.027 | 6188.736 | 12.77 | 176083.293 | 8674.054 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x50 | 406 | 306* | 50 | 559.203 | 438.975 | 1275.487 | 90336.528 | 4450.075 | 6378.467 | 12.71 | 180673.056 | 8900.151 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x56 | 406 | 294* | 56 | 615.752 | 483.365 | 1275.487 | 96700.798 | 4763.586 | 6918.539 | 12.532 | 193401.596 | 9527.172 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x60 | 406 | 286* | 60 | 652.195 | 511.973 | 1275.487 | 100532.542 | 4952.342 | 7254.96 | 12.416 | 201065.084 | 9904.684 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x63 | 406 | 280* | 63 | 678.867 | 532.91 | 1275.487 | 103203.021 | 5083.893 | 7495.236 | 12.33 | 206406.043 | 10167.785 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x65 | 406 | 276* | 65 | 696.334 | 546.622 | 1275.487 | 104890.533 | 5167.021 | 7649.807 | 12.273 | 209781.066 | 10334.043 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x70 | 406 | 266* | 70 | 738.903 | 580.039 | 1275.487 | 108799.712 | 5359.592 | 8017.053 | 12.134 | 217599.424 | 10719.183 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 406x75 | 406 | 256* | 75 | 779.9 | 612.222 | 1275.487 | 112292.006 | 5531.626 | 8357.7 | 11.999 | 224584.012 | 11063.252 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x9 | 426 | 408* | 9 | 117.904 | 92.555 | 1338.318 | 25639.693 | 1203.741 | 1565.244 | 14.747 | 51279.385 | 2407.483 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x9.5 | 426 | 407* | 9.5 | 124.305 | 97.579 | 1338.318 | 26968.351 | 1266.12 | 1648.272 | 14.729 | 53936.702 | 2532.24 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x10 | 426 | 406* | 10 | 130.69 | 102.592 | 1338.318 | 28287.252 | 1328.04 | 1730.893 | 14.712 | 56574.504 | 2656.08 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x11 | 426 | 404* | 11 | 143.414 | 112.58 | 1338.318 | 30895.973 | 1450.515 | 1894.919 | 14.678 | 61791.946 | 2901.03 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x12 | 426 | 402* | 12 | 156.074 | 122.518 | 1338.318 | 33466.237 | 1571.185 | 2057.328 | 14.643 | 66932.473 | 3142.37 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x13 | 426 | 400* | 13 | 168.672 | 132.408 | 1338.318 | 35998.423 | 1690.067 | 2218.129 | 14.609 | 71996.847 | 3380.134 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x14 | 426 | 398* | 14 | 181.207 | 142.248 | 1338.318 | 38492.911 | 1807.179 | 2377.331 | 14.575 | 76985.821 | 3614.358 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x15 | 426 | 396* | 15 | 193.679 | 152.038 | 1338.318 | 40950.075 | 1922.539 | 2534.94 | 14.541 | 81900.149 | 3845.077 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x16 | 426 | 394* | 16 | 206.088 | 161.779 | 1338.318 | 43370.29 | 2036.164 | 2690.965 | 14.507 | 86740.58 | 4072.328 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x17 | 426 | 392* | 17 | 218.435 | 171.471 | 1338.318 | 45753.928 | 2148.072 | 2845.415 | 14.473 | 91507.856 | 4296.143 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x18 | 426 | 390* | 18 | 230.719 | 181.114 | 1338.318 | 48101.36 | 2258.28 | 2998.296 | 14.439 | 96202.72 | 4516.56 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x19 | 426 | 388* | 19 | 242.939 | 190.707 | 1338.318 | 50412.954 | 2366.805 | 3149.617 | 14.405 | 100825.908 | 4733.611 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x20 | 426 | 386* | 20 | 255.097 | 200.251 | 1338.318 | 52689.077 | 2473.666 | 3299.387 | 14.372 | 105378.153 | 4947.331 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x22 | 426 | 382* | 22 | 279.225 | 219.191 | 1338.318 | 57136.366 | 2682.458 | 3594.301 | 14.305 | 114272.731 | 5364.917 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x24 | 426 | 378* | 24 | 303.101 | 237.934 | 1338.318 | 61446.122 | 2884.794 | 3883.104 | 14.238 | 122892.243 | 5769.589 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x25 | 426 | 376* | 25 | 314.945 | 247.232 | 1338.318 | 63550.322 | 2983.583 | 4025.233 | 14.205 | 127100.643 | 5967.166 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x26 | 426 | 374* | 26 | 326.726 | 256.48 | 1338.318 | 65621.21 | 3080.808 | 4165.859 | 14.172 | 131242.421 | 6161.616 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x28 | 426 | 370* | 28 | 350.099 | 274.828 | 1338.318 | 69664.466 | 3270.632 | 4442.629 | 14.106 | 139328.933 | 6541.264 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x30 | 426 | 366* | 30 | 373.221 | 292.979 | 1338.318 | 73578.695 | 3454.399 | 4713.48 | 14.041 | 147157.39 | 6908.798 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x32 | 426 | 362* | 32 | 396.092 | 310.932 | 1338.318 | 77366.67 | 3632.238 | 4978.475 | 13.976 | 154733.34 | 7264.476 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x34 | 426 | 358* | 34 | 418.711 | 328.689 | 1338.318 | 81031.137 | 3804.279 | 5237.677 | 13.911 | 162062.274 | 7608.557 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x35 | 426 | 356* | 35 | 429.927 | 337.493 | 1338.318 | 82817.904 | 3888.165 | 5365.127 | 13.879 | 165635.808 | 7776.329 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x36 | 426 | 354* | 36 | 441.08 | 346.247 | 1338.318 | 84574.81 | 3970.648 | 5491.152 | 13.847 | 169149.619 | 7941.297 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x38 | 426 | 350* | 38 | 463.196 | 363.609 | 1338.318 | 88000.372 | 4131.473 | 5738.963 | 13.784 | 176000.744 | 8262.946 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x40 | 426 | 346* | 40 | 485.062 | 380.774 | 1338.318 | 91310.478 | 4286.877 | 5981.173 | 13.72 | 182620.957 | 8573.754 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x42 | 426 | 342* | 42 | 506.676 | 397.741 | 1338.318 | 94507.753 | 4436.984 | 6217.848 | 13.657 | 189015.505 | 8873.967 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x45 | 426 | 336* | 45 | 538.626 | 422.821 | 1338.318 | 99097.769 | 4652.477 | 6562.62 | 13.564 | 198195.538 | 9304.955 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x48 | 426 | 330* | 48 | 570.011 | 447.458 | 1338.318 | 103448.368 | 4856.731 | 6895.296 | 13.472 | 206896.737 | 9713.462 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x50 | 426 | 326* | 50 | 590.619 | 463.636 | 1338.318 | 106219.949 | 4986.852 | 7110.467 | 13.411 | 212439.899 | 9973.704 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x56 | 426 | 314* | 56 | 650.938 | 510.986 | 1338.318 | 113943.442 | 5349.457 | 7724.939 | 13.23 | 227886.884 | 10698.915 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x60 | 426 | 306* | 60 | 689.894 | 541.567 | 1338.318 | 118623.78 | 5569.192 | 8109.36 | 13.113 | 237247.561 | 11138.383 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x63 | 426 | 300* | 63 | 718.451 | 563.984 | 1338.318 | 121901.347 | 5723.068 | 8384.796 | 13.026 | 243802.695 | 11446.136 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x65 | 426 | 296* | 65 | 737.175 | 578.682 | 1338.318 | 123979.887 | 5820.652 | 8562.407 | 12.969 | 247959.773 | 11641.304 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x70 | 426 | 286* | 70 | 782.885 | 614.565 | 1338.318 | 128819.794 | 6047.878 | 8985.853 | 12.828 | 257639.588 | 12095.755 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 426x75 | 426 | 276* | 75 | 827.024 | 649.214 | 1338.318 | 133177.785 | 6252.478 | 9380.7 | 12.69 | 266355.57 | 12504.956 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x9 | 508 | 490* | 9 | 141.089 | 110.755 | 1595.929 | 43928.39 | 1729.464 | 2241.252 | 17.645 | 87856.78 | 3458.928 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x9.5 | 508 | 489* | 9.5 | 148.778 | 116.791 | 1595.929 | 46231.361 | 1820.132 | 2361.057 | 17.628 | 92462.721 | 3640.265 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x10 | 508 | 488* | 10 | 156.451 | 122.814 | 1595.929 | 48520.246 | 1910.246 | 2480.373 | 17.611 | 97040.492 | 3820.492 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x11 | 508 | 486* | 11 | 171.751 | 134.824 | 1595.929 | 53055.991 | 2088.819 | 2717.543 | 17.576 | 106111.981 | 4177.637 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x12 | 508 | 484* | 12 | 186.988 | 146.785 | 1595.929 | 57536.083 | 2265.2 | 2952.768 | 17.541 | 115072.166 | 4530.4 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x13 | 508 | 482* | 13 | 202.161 | 158.697 | 1595.929 | 61960.98 | 2439.409 | 3186.057 | 17.507 | 123921.959 | 4878.817 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x14 | 508 | 480* | 14 | 217.273 | 170.559 | 1595.929 | 66331.136 | 2611.462 | 3417.419 | 17.473 | 132662.272 | 5222.924 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x15 | 508 | 478* | 15 | 232.321 | 182.372 | 1595.929 | 70647.006 | 2781.378 | 3646.86 | 17.438 | 141294.012 | 5562.756 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x16 | 508 | 476* | 16 | 247.306 | 194.135 | 1595.929 | 74909.04 | 2949.175 | 3874.389 | 17.404 | 149818.08 | 5898.35 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x17 | 508 | 474* | 17 | 262.229 | 205.85 | 1595.929 | 79117.688 | 3114.87 | 4100.015 | 17.37 | 158235.377 | 6229.739 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x18 | 508 | 472* | 18 | 277.088 | 217.514 | 1595.929 | 83273.399 | 3278.48 | 4323.744 | 17.336 | 166546.797 | 6556.961 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x20 | 508 | 468* | 20 | 306.619 | 240.696 | 1595.929 | 91427.786 | 3599.519 | 4765.547 | 17.268 | 182855.571 | 7199.038 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x22 | 508 | 464* | 22 | 335.899 | 263.681 | 1595.929 | 99375.745 | 3912.431 | 5199.861 | 17.2 | 198751.489 | 7824.862 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x24 | 508 | 460* | 24 | 364.927 | 286.468 | 1595.929 | 107120.79 | 4217.354 | 5626.752 | 17.133 | 214241.58 | 8434.708 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x25 | 508 | 458* | 25 | 379.347 | 297.788 | 1595.929 | 110918.309 | 4366.863 | 5837.433 | 17.099 | 221836.618 | 8733.725 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x26 | 508 | 456* | 26 | 393.704 | 309.058 | 1595.929 | 114666.404 | 4514.425 | 6046.283 | 17.066 | 229332.808 | 9028.851 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x28 | 508 | 452* | 28 | 422.23 | 331.451 | 1595.929 | 122016.041 | 4803.781 | 6458.517 | 16.999 | 244032.081 | 9607.562 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x30 | 508 | 448* | 30 | 450.504 | 353.646 | 1595.929 | 129173.123 | 5085.556 | 6863.52 | 16.933 | 258346.245 | 10171.112 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x32 | 508 | 444* | 32 | 478.527 | 375.644 | 1595.929 | 136141.043 | 5359.884 | 7261.355 | 16.867 | 272282.087 | 10719.767 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x34 | 508 | 440* | 34 | 506.299 | 397.445 | 1595.929 | 142923.165 | 5626.896 | 7652.085 | 16.801 | 285846.33 | 11253.793 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x35 | 508 | 438* | 35 | 520.091 | 408.271 | 1595.929 | 146245.594 | 5757.701 | 7844.807 | 16.769 | 292491.188 | 11515.401 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x36 | 508 | 436* | 36 | 533.819 | 419.048 | 1595.929 | 149522.821 | 5886.725 | 8035.776 | 16.736 | 299045.641 | 11773.45 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x38 | 508 | 432* | 38 | 561.088 | 440.454 | 1595.929 | 155943.312 | 6139.5 | 8412.491 | 16.671 | 311886.625 | 12279.001 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x40 | 508 | 428* | 40 | 588.106 | 461.663 | 1595.929 | 162187.913 | 6385.351 | 8782.293 | 16.607 | 324375.825 | 12770.702 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x42 | 508 | 424* | 42 | 614.873 | 482.675 | 1595.929 | 168259.864 | 6624.404 | 9145.248 | 16.542 | 336519.727 | 13248.808 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x45 | 508 | 418* | 45 | 654.551 | 513.822 | 1595.929 | 177051.09 | 6970.515 | 9676.98 | 16.447 | 354102.18 | 13941.031 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x48 | 508 | 412* | 48 | 693.664 | 544.526 | 1595.929 | 185471.789 | 7302.039 | 10193.664 | 16.352 | 370943.578 | 14604.078 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x50 | 508 | 408* | 50 | 719.425 | 564.748 | 1595.929 | 190884.96 | 7515.156 | 10529.867 | 16.289 | 381769.921 | 15030.312 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x56 | 508 | 396* | 56 | 795.2 | 624.232 | 1595.929 | 206195.342 | 8117.927 | 11499.563 | 16.103 | 412390.685 | 16235.854 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x60 | 508 | 388* | 60 | 844.46 | 662.901 | 1595.929 | 215658.222 | 8490.481 | 12114.24 | 15.981 | 431316.443 | 16980.962 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x63 | 508 | 382* | 63 | 880.746 | 691.385 | 1595.929 | 222381.633 | 8755.182 | 12558.924 | 15.89 | 444763.267 | 17510.365 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x65 | 508 | 378* | 65 | 904.622 | 710.128 | 1595.929 | 226691.389 | 8924.858 | 12847.727 | 15.83 | 453382.779 | 17849.716 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x70 | 508 | 368* | 70 | 963.212 | 756.122 | 1595.929 | 236882.803 | 9326.095 | 13543.413 | 15.682 | 473765.606 | 18652.189 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 508x75 | 508 | 358* | 75 | 1020.232 | 800.882 | 1595.929 | 246276.405 | 9695.921 | 14202.3 | 15.537 | 492552.81 | 19391.843 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x9 | 530 | 512* | 9 | 147.309 | 115.638 | 1665.044 | 49997.138 | 1886.684 | 2443.212 | 18.423 | 99994.275 | 3773.369 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x9.5 | 530 | 511* | 9.5 | 155.344 | 121.945 | 1665.044 | 52624.786 | 1985.841 | 2574.028 | 18.406 | 105249.572 | 3971.682 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x10 | 530 | 510* | 10 | 163.363 | 128.24 | 1665.044 | 55237.053 | 2084.417 | 2704.333 | 18.388 | 110474.106 | 4168.834 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x11 | 530 | 508* | 11 | 179.354 | 140.793 | 1665.044 | 60415.683 | 2279.837 | 2963.415 | 18.354 | 120831.366 | 4559.674 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x12 | 530 | 506* | 12 | 195.281 | 153.296 | 1665.044 | 65533.508 | 2472.963 | 3220.464 | 18.319 | 131067.017 | 4945.925 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x13 | 530 | 504* | 13 | 211.146 | 165.75 | 1665.044 | 70591.006 | 2663.812 | 3475.489 | 18.284 | 141182.013 | 5327.623 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x14 | 530 | 502* | 14 | 226.949 | 178.155 | 1665.044 | 75588.653 | 2852.402 | 3728.499 | 18.25 | 151177.306 | 5704.804 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x15 | 530 | 500* | 15 | 242.688 | 190.51 | 1665.044 | 80526.923 | 3038.752 | 3979.5 | 18.216 | 161053.846 | 6077.504 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x25 | 530 | 480* | 25 | 396.626 | 311.351 | 1665.044 | 126746.819 | 4782.899 | 6380.833 | 17.876 | 253493.639 | 9565.798 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x26 | 530 | 478* | 26 | 411.674 | 323.164 | 1665.044 | 131062.689 | 4945.762 | 6610.275 | 17.843 | 262125.378 | 9891.524 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x28 | 530 | 474* | 28 | 441.582 | 346.642 | 1665.044 | 139533.371 | 5265.41 | 7063.429 | 17.776 | 279066.743 | 10530.82 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x30 | 530 | 470* | 30 | 471.239 | 369.923 | 1665.044 | 147792.299 | 5577.068 | 7509 | 17.709 | 295584.599 | 11154.136 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x32 | 530 | 466* | 32 | 500.644 | 393.006 | 1665.044 | 155843.031 | 5880.869 | 7947.051 | 17.643 | 311686.063 | 11761.738 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x34 | 530 | 462* | 34 | 529.798 | 415.892 | 1665.044 | 163689.096 | 6176.947 | 8377.645 | 17.577 | 327378.193 | 12353.894 |
| ДСТУ 8938 seamless tube 530x35 | 530 | 460* | 35 | 544.281 | 427.261 | 1665.044 | 167536.473 | 6322.131 | 8590.167 | 17.545 | 335072.946 | 12644.262 |
* Laskettu arvo: johdettu standardin määrittämistä mitoista, ei ilmoitettu itse standardissa.